When the Canadian government has allowed extended amortization period, such as increasing the maximum from 25 to 30 years—there have been both positive and negative impacts on the housing market and economy.
Positive Impacts:
1. Increased Affordability for Buyers (Short-Term):
- A 30-year amortization reduces monthly mortgage payments, which can make homeownership more affordable, particularly for first-time buyers. This helps buyers qualify for higher mortgage amounts with lower initial monthly costs, making it easier to enter the market.
- This was seen after the 2008 global financial crisis, where the amortization period was extended to boost housing activity.
2. Boost in Housing Demand:
- Longer amortizations can stimulate demand in the housing market. When monthly payments become more affordable, more people enter the market, driving up sales and activity. This can help stimulate the overall economy, especially in times of economic slowdown.
- The mid-2000s saw a surge in housing activity in Canada after the introduction of 30, 35, and even 40-year amortizations.
3. Economic Stimulus:
- A higher volume of home purchases can positively impact construction, renovation, and other housing-related industries. This contributes to economic growth and job creation in the short term.
Negative Impacts:
1. Higher Total Interest Costs:
- While monthly payments are lower with a longer amortization, borrowers end up paying significantly more interest over the life of the loan. This increases the overall cost of homeownership, especially for those who keep their mortgage for the full amortization period.
- For example, extending a mortgage to 30 years can mean tens of thousands of dollars more paid in interest compared to a 25-year mortgage.
2. Increased Housing Prices:
- With more buyers qualifying for mortgages and higher borrowing amounts, there is often upward pressure on housing prices. The extra demand, coupled with limited supply, can drive up prices in major markets, making it harder for new buyers to enter the market.
- After the amortization increases in the mid-2000s, Canada's housing prices surged, leading to concerns about housing affordability in the long run.
3. Housing Market Vulnerability:
- Increased borrowing capacity can lead to higher household debt levels, which makes the economy more vulnerable to interest rate hikes or financial shocks. As buyers take on more debt, they become more sensitive to changes in mortgage rates, and a sudden increase in rates can lead to financial distress.
- In response to these risks, the Canadian government reduced the maximum amortization back to 25 years in 2012, partly to reduce household debt accumulation and cool the housing market.
4. Potential for Over-leveraging:
- Longer amortizations can lead some buyers to over-leverage themselves, taking on more mortgage debt than they can reasonably afford. This increases the risk of mortgage defaults, particularly in times of economic downturn or interest rate hikes.
The extension of amortization periods to 30 years can provide short-term benefits, such as improving affordability and stimulating housing demand. However, the long-term consequences, including higher debt levels and rising housing prices, can exacerbate affordability issues and increase financial risks for homeowners. This trade-off has made it a contentious policy tool, often introduced in times of economic slowdown and scaled back when overheating the market becomes a concern.